![]() ![]() Schöttelndreier, D., Langejürgen, A., Lindner, R. A CRISPR–Cas9 screen using a truncated TcdA lacking the CROPS is used to identify host factors that contribute to TcdA binding and entry. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptor contribute to Clostridium difficile toxin A entry into cells. ![]() gp96 is a human colonocyte plasma membrane binding protein for Clostridium difficile toxin A. Rabbit sucrase-isomaltase contains a functional intestinal receptor for Clostridium difficile toxin A. This glycan array study indicates that both TcdA and TcdB are able to bind a much broader array of glycan structures than appreciated from prior studies. Lectin activity of the TcdA and TcdB toxins of Clostridium difficile. Toxin A of Clostridium difficile binds to the human carbohydrate antigens I, X, and Y. Cell surface binding site for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence Gal alpha 1–3 Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. Toxin A from Clostridium difficile binds to rabbit erythrocyte glycolipids with terminal Gal alpha 1–3 Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc sequences. Molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by Gal alpha 3 Gal beta 4 GlcNAc beta-binding Clostridium difficile toxin A, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl IgG and the monoclonal antibody Gal-13: characterization of a binding-active human. Structures are determined at endosomal pH and in the presence of neutralizing nanobodies and are supported by biophysical studies that document the conformational flexibility of the CROP domain relative to the rest of the toxin. Structure of the full-length Clostridium difficile toxin B. Crystal structure of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Structural organization of the functional domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Evidence for an adaptation of a phage-derived holin/endolysin system to toxin transport in Clostridioides difficile. Observations on the role of TcdE isoforms in Clostridium difficile toxin secretion. Evidence for holin function of tcdE gene in the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. Secretion of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B requires the holin-like protein TcdE. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. By fusing a red fluorescent protein gene to the tcdA promoter, this study shows that toxin production is regulated by a TcdR-dependent bistable switch. Multiple factors contribute to bimodal toxin gene expression in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Environmental response and autoregulation of Clostridium difficile TxeR, a sigma factor for toxin gene expression. Regulation of toxin and bacteriocin synthesis in Clostridium species by a new subgroup of RNA polymerase sigma-factors. Positive regulation of Clostridium difficile toxins. Regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in Clostridium by interchangeable RNA polymerase sigma factors. Large clostridial toxins: mechanisms and roles in disease. Clostridioides difficile spore formation and germination: new insights and opportunities for intervention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States (CDC, 2019). burden of Clostridioides difficile infection and outcomes. ![]()
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